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Mutunus Tutunus
In ancient Roman religion, Mutunus Tutunus or Mutinus Titinus was a phallic marriage deity, in some respects equated with Priapus. His shrine was located on the Velian Hill, supposedly since the founding of Rome, until the 1st century BC.
During preliminary marriage rites, Roman brides are supposed to have straddled the phallus of Mutunus to prepare themselves for intercourse, according to Church Fathers who interpreted this act as an obscene loss of virginity.〔H.J. Rose, ''The'' Roman Questions'' of Plutarch: A New Translation'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924, reprinted 1974), p. 84 (online. )〕 Arnobius says that Roman matrons were taken for a ride (''inequitare'') on Tutunus's "awful phallus" with its "immense shameful parts",〔Arnobius, ''Adversus nationes'' 4.7 (see also 4.11): ''Tutunus, cuius immanibus pudendis horrentique fascino vestras inequitare matronas et auspicabile ducitis et optatis''. Compare Tertullian, ''Ad nationes'' 2.11 and ''Apologeticus'' 25.3. On the translation of ''pudendis'', see J.N. Adams, ''The Latin Sexual Vocabulary'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982, 1990), pp. 55–56.〕 but other sources specify that it is brides who learned through the ritual not to be embarrassed by sex: "Tutinus, upon whose shameful lap sit brides, so that the god seems to sample their shame before the fact."〔Lactantius, ''Divinarum Institutionum'' 1.20.36: ''Tutinus in cuius sinu pudendo nubentes praesident ut illarum pudicitiam prior deus delibasse videatur''. See also Augustine of Hippo (particularly ''De civitate Dei'' 4.11 and 6.9) who "several times refers with distaste to the practices associated with" the priapic gods; R.W. Dyson, ''The City of God Against the Pagans'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2002), p. 1221 (online. )〕 The 2nd-century grammarian Festus is the only classical Latin source to take note of the god,〔Jean-Noël Robert, ''Eros romano: sexo y moral en la Roma antigua'' (Editorial Complutense, 1999), p. 58 (online. )〕 and the characterization of the rite by Christian sources is likely to be hostile or biased.〔Ronald Syme, ''The Augustan Aristocracy'' (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6, note 37, marks "the mockery of the Christian writers"; see also Augustine's "distaste" for the phallic gods noted above. W.H. Parker, ''Priapea: Poems for a Phallic God'' (Routledge, 1988), p. 135 (online ), observes that the ritual of Mutunus was "condemned by early Church fathers"; Joseph Rykwert, ''The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy, and the Ancient World'' (MIT Press, 1988), p. 159 (online ), notes that they spoke "scathingly" of phallic rituals. Tertullian's bias in his assemblage of deities to deride (including Mutunus) pointed out by Mary Beard, John North ''et al.'', ''Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 359, note 1 (online. ) The ''fascinum'' — identified by Arnobius with the phallus of Mutunus — "was used by Christian writers in their tirades against pagan customs," points out Enrique Montero Cartelle, ''El latín erótico: aspectos léxicos y literarios'' (University of Seville, 1991), p. 70 (online. ) For a fuller discussion, see Carlos A. Contreras, "Christian Views of Paganism," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' II.23.1 (1980) 974–1022, p. 1013 (online ) specifically in relation to Mutunus and in general asserting that "Arnobius commits the same mistake as other Fathers of applying Christian conceptions to pagan ideas in order to condemn them" (p. 1010). "Our knowledge of such things," that is, of rites such as those of Mutunus, "comes from Christian writers who are openly concerned to discredit all aspects of pagan idolatry," states Peter Stewart, ''Statues in Roman Society: Representation and Response'' (Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 266, note 24 (online. )〕
==Etymology==
Unlike Priapus, who is depicted in human form with an outsized erection, Mutunus seems to have been embodied purely by the phallus, like the ''fascinus'' or the mysterious begetter of Servius Tullius. The god's name is related to two infrequently recorded slang words for penis in Latin, ''mūtō'' (or ''muttō'') and ''mūtōnium''.〔J.N. Adams, ''The Latin Sexual Vocabulary'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982, 1990), p. 62 (online. )〕 "Mutto" was also used as a ''cognomen'', the third of the three elements of a Roman man's name.〔''CIL'' V.1412, 8473, as cited by Adams. The moneyer Quintus Titius, one of whose coins has been interpreted as depicting Mutunus, may have used the ''cognomen'' Mutto; T.R.S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'' (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, p. 454.〕 Lucilius offers the earliest recorded instance of both forms: ''at laeva lacrimas muttoni〔''Muttōni'' is the dative form of ''muttō''.〕 absterget amica'' ("A girlfriend wipes away Mutto's tears — his left hand, that is"),〔Lucilius 307 and 959. Kirk Freundenburg has dubbed the ''muttō'' of Lucilius "clearly the least finicky of all personified penises in Roman satire": ''Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 205 ( online. ) The left hand was preferred for masturbation by the Romans; see Antonio Varone, ''Erotica pompeiana: Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii'' («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2002), p. 95 (online. )〕 and the derivative ''mūtōnium''. ''Mūtōnium'' may have replaced the earlier form, as it appears later among the graffiti of Pompeii.〔''CIL'' IV.1939, 1940.〕 Horace has a dialogue with his ''muttō'': "What do you want? Surely you're not demanding a grand consul's granddaughter as a cunt?"〔Horace, ''Sermones'' 1.2.68.〕 Both Lucilius and Horace thus personify the ''muttō''.〔Adams, ''Latin Sexual Vocabulary'', p. 63.〕 ''Mūtūniātus'', used by Martial and in the ''Corpus Priapeorum'',〔Martial, ''Epigrams'' 3.73.1 and 11.63.2; Corpus Priapeorum 52.10.〕 describes a "well-endowed" male.〔Craig Arthur Williams, ''Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity'' (Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 92 (online. )〕
Both parts of the name ''Mūtūnus Tūtūnus'' are reduplicative, ''Tītīnus'' perhaps from ''tītus'', another slang word for "penis."〔Adams, ''Latin Sexual Vocabulary'', p. 32.〕
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